Social Work A Social Worker - 1033 Words

Some days you ask yourself why you do the job that you do. Some days you ask yourself why you stay in the field that you’re in. Most days you ask yourself â€Å"Is it really all worth it?† On occasion, there are the days that you get your answer to all of those questions. From the domestic violence victim that is now divorced and happy, this is why you do it. Because of the foster child who is now adopted and loved by his forever family, that’s why you stay in the field. From the veteran suffering from PTSD and depression who also attempted suicide but now is healthy, happy and alive, yes it is definitely all worth it. These are just a few reasons why you love what you do. These are all the reasons why I choose to become a social worker. Social work is a professional and academic discipline that works to improve the quality of life and enhance the wellbeing of individuals, families, couples, groups, and communities. Heather Holland is a Social Worker at Uniontown Hospital who has over 12 years’ experience in the field. She explains that a typical day on the job is far from easy. â€Å"Days in this career are crazy, busy, and mostly, undetermined† Holland explains of her days on the job. Social work is a very important job. Social workers work with clients who are vulnerable and in need of serious help. It is so extremely important that social workers are properly trained and are always giving their best in their work because client’s lives often depend on it. Social workers areShow MoreRelatedSocial Workers And Social Work Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pages In today`s society, social work as a profession has changed enormously over time. Many interviews, samples and surveys from individuals have been taken over the years about the perception of social workers. Earlier samples of surveys and interviews have shown that social work was not always a popular profession, but now social workers are popular publicly. The public as in people now has a better understanding of social work. Studies showed that numerous of people do not quite have a full understandingRead MoreSocial Workers And Social Work1684 Words   |  7 Pages At the heart of social work most social workers consider their social work values as one of the most crucial principles of the social work profession (Higham 2006). The recent report of the social work taskforce sets out a vision of social work for a profession confident about its values, purpose and identity (Social Work Taskforce, 2009, pg61). Generally, the term value is viewed as particular beliefs or principles an i ndividual may hold deemed worthy or valuable (Banks,S, 2006). BASWA 2012 definesRead MoreSocial Workers And The Social Work Essay1706 Words   |  7 PagesSocial workers are caregivers, they provide assistance to people in need, and they address social problems. The social worker’s goal is the improvement of society to better the lives of individuals in need. The social work professional mission is to enhance the well-being of people and to assist them in meeting their basic needs, with particular emphasis on the needs of the poor, and the vulnerable individual. The Social Work profession has six core values. Social workers incorporate these core valuesRead MoreSocial Workers And Social Work950 Words   |  4 Pages The social work profession is a profession that is created with educated professionals, social workers, which make important contributions to society by helping society’s most vulnerable individuals, families, and groups. Social workers assist vulnerable populations with enhancing their social functioning, meeting their needs, and solving problems. Social policies are a key component in the success of the social workers ability to help the vulnerable. â€Å"Social policies are the laws, rules, and regulationsRead MoreSocial Workers And Social Work1377 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Workers Issues We are the present. The future is our children. We all have some child(ren) in our lives whom we love dearly and would probably die for them. They are our future. Many of those children need help; mental, emotional, and physical help. If these children do not receive help, our future will be worse than the present is now. Social workers can help fix that. In the last paper, I addressed the issue of social status/work. The work status fluctuates greatly pending on the fieldRead MoreThe Social Work Of A Social Worker1585 Words   |  7 PagesAs a social worker, we are essentially given the opportunity to utilize our past and personal experiences, educational background, and diverse relationships to make a difference in countless people’s lives. Whether we choose to dedicate ourselves to practicing micro or macro social work, we can influence the outcomes of social policies, assist clients with obtaining basic necessities, or change a person’s thought processes by applyi ng psychosocial theories as necessary. However, we are obligatedRead MoreThe Social Work Of A Social Worker1551 Words   |  7 PagesUnder the social work profession, social workers embrace the principle of social justice and are committed to work toward achieving social change. In direct practice, social workers work with individuals living in poverty and subjected to all sorts of injustices. In social work, practitioners work in partnership with clients, when coming up with possible solutions to the presenting problems. It is important that in the process, social workers remain with a nonjudgmental attitude and look at howRead MoreSocial Work As A Social Worker1414 Words   |  6 PagesWhat makes social work idiosyncratic unlike the rest is the willingness and passion to promote human well-being. I yearn and hunger to see growth of what is already innate. That is the reason psychology became my undeclared major. My ignorance of the social work role did create misconceptions and fears. I knew I had to be in some helping profession. I was not sure if I would do so through occupational therapy, psychology, teaching, or social work. I wanted to be a social worker, but I wasRead MoreSocial Worker And Social Work Essay1076 Words   |  5 Pagesdefinition of what social work is. My view of social work was based off of movies that portrayed social workers as individuals who only worked with children. In these movies, the social worker was known as the Child Protective Agent and was called in when a child or children were being mistreated. After taking this course, I now know that my idea of a social worker, although right, was only the tip of an iceberg. The social worker does not only work with children, they work within a large social system thatRead MoreSocial Workers And Social Work1652 Words   |  7 Pageslarge component of the social work profession is cultural competency. According to t he National Association of Social Workers, in order to be culturally competent, social workers should understand culture and its’ role in society (National Association of Social Workers [NASW], 2008). Social workers should be able to recognize the strength of each culture, have knowledge of their clients’’ cultures, and provide culturally sensitive services to each individual with whom they work with (NASW, 2008). Is

Advanced Placement Microeconomics - 23462 Words

Advanced Placement Microeconomics Instructor, Mrs. Peggy Pride Study Notes to accompany Economics Principles, Problems and Policies, 15th Ed. Campbell McConnell Stanley Brue AP MICROECONOMICS SEMESTER PLAN Instructor, Mrs. Peggy Pride TEXT: Economics, Principles, Problems and Policies, 15th Edition, McConnell and Brue Video: Econ U$A series with discussion Class Activities: APIP workbook activities, reinforcement and writing activities and other teacher-developed materials This semester-long course gives students a thorough understanding of the principles of economics that apply to the function of individual decision-makers, both consumers and producers, within larger economic systems. It places primary emphasis on the nature and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢Ë†Å¡ Principles are expressed as the tendencies of typical or average consumers, workers, or business firms √ Generalizations †¢ â€Å"Other things equal† assumption—controlling all variables except one †¢ Abstractions—do not mirror the complexity of real world †¢ Graphic Expressions—models used to show theory Policy Economics √ Applied Economics that recognizes the principles and data which can be used t o formulate policies. √ Determining a course of action to resolve a problem or to further a nation’s economic goals 1 Steps in Policy Economics State the goal Determine the policy options A clear, specific statement List specific policies to achieve goal with an assessment of possible effects Implement and Evaluate the policy which was selected Monitor steps in implementing the policy initiatives taken Principles Are Derived At Two Levels: Macroeconomics: economy as a whole and its basic subdivisions such as government, business and households. Macro looks at totals or aggregates to examine the â€Å"big picture†. Microeconomics: looks at specific units or segments of the economy, a particular firm or household. Micro looks at the â€Å"trees not the forest†. ECONOMIC GOALS †¢ POSITIVE economics collects and presents facts. It avoids value judgments—†just the facts, madam†! Positive economics concerns WHAT IS—what the economy is really like. †¢Show MoreRelatedTravel and Tourism Administration Program Structure20692 Words   |  83 Pages18hrs 18cr SEMESTER TWO Compulsory subjects: 9 COM 111 – Computer Reservation Systems 3 3 10 TOU 106 – Fares Ticketing II 3 3 11 TOU 108 – General Travel Knowledge II 3 3 12 ENG 122 – The Technique of Writing and Advanced Language Studies 3 3 13 BUS 102- Introduction to Business Electives: One of the following three 3 3 14 HUM 202 – Business Psychology 3 3 15 FRE 122 – French (Beginners) 16 GER 122 – German (Beginners) TOTAL 18hrs 18cr Read MoreBp Pestle Analysis3155 Words   |  13 Pages11. Appendix 2 12. Appendix 3 13. Harvard Reference Abstract: BP is a British global energy company and is the 4th largest company in the world. This report is in relation to BP’s profitability, product development, market power and placement. The report uses PESTLE analysis to investigate these areas providing an insight to the successes and failures of BP during recent years. It covers the failures of Russia which has been a failure in terms of past successes with western governmentsRead MorePrinciples of Microeconomics Fifth Canadian Edition20085 Words   |  81 PagesLicensed to: iChapters User PRINCIPLES OF MICROECONOMICS: A G U I D E D T O U R PART ONE: INTRODUCTION Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Ten Principles of Economics Thinking Like an Economist Interdependence and the Gains from Trade The study of economics is guided by a few big ideas. Economists view the world as both scientists and policymakers. The theory of comparative advantage explains how people benefit from economic interdependence. PART TWO: SUPPLY AND DEMAND I: HOW MARKETSRead MoreIca Gh Syslabus26672 Words   |  107 Pagesand Corporate Law Principles and Practice of Taxation PART 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Financial Reporting Public Sector Accounting Cost and Management Accounting Financial Management PART 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Advanced Financial Reporting Advanced Audit and Professional Ethics Corporate Strategy and Governance Advanced Tax Planning and Fiscal Policy Review of Qualifying Examinations Syllabus May 2010 Proposed Transitional Arrangements 1 2 3 4 11 17 25 32 37 42 50 55 61 68 73 80 86 98 108 115 116 Read MoreMoney Laundering13123 Words   |  53 Pagescrime diversifies its sources of income and enlarges its sphere of action. The social danger of money laundering consists in the consolidation of the economic power of criminal organizations, enabling them to penetrate the legitimate economy. In advanced societies, crime is increasingly economic in character. Criminal associations now tend to be organized like business enterprises and to follow the same tendencies as legitimate firms; specialization, growth, expansion in international markets andRead MoreIntroduction to Marketing Revision Notes8991 Words   |  36 Pageslimited. This phase took place after the industrial revolution. 2. Sales Period, 1920s-1950s: focus on personal selling supported by market research and advertising. This phase took place after WW1. 3. Marketing Period, 1950s-1980s: more advanced focus on customer needs. This phase took place after WW2. 4. Societal Marketing Period, 1980s-present: stronger focus on social and ethical concerns in marketing. Marketing as a discipline has developed through the influence of practitionersRead MoreDarden Mba Resumes16768 Words   |  68 Pagesbuilding process for six new luxury construction projects ï‚ · Acted as general contractor and liaised with clients and subcontractors on each project True North Academy, LLC American Fork, Utah Client Advisor – Trading Strategies Teamwork ï‚ · Taught advanced equity and equity option trading strategies in live and personal training sessions ï‚ · Led a team that created educational materials for teaching equity and option trading strategies UBS Financial Services, Inc. New York, New York Associate – ManagementRead MoreLaudon - Business Information Systems16132 Words   |  65 Pagesthat it needs to exercise much stronger control over the inventory process. Student examples should vary. 11. Describe each of the three economic theories that help explain how information systems affect organizations. What are their limitations? Micr oeconomic theory views information systems technology as a factor of production that can be freely substituted for labor. Labor historically has a rising cost. Through use of information systems technology, less capital and less labor are required, reducingRead MoreManagement Challenges for the 21st Century.Pdf60639 Words   |  243 Pageslordly regimental commander was in the number of people each commands; the work they did was exactly alike. To be sure, today’s regimental commanders have commanded troops earlier in their careers—but often for a short period only. They also have advanced through captain and major. But for most of their careers they have held very different assignments—in staff jobs, in research jobs, in teaching jobs, attached to an embassy abroad and so on. They simply can no longer assume that they know what theirRead MoreVietnams Bank Risk Management33687 Words   |  135 Pagesand the florist gains. Risk becomes opportunity for benefits for the florist. Table 1. 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Sociology and Modernity Free Essays

Modernity is one phrase that is complex to define. This is because no precise definition of modernity that is globally accepted has been decided upon. This is inclusive of the sociology field that has seen so many theories brought about to define modernity. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology and Modernity or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, we can have a general definition defining modernity as a post-middle age era that is discernible with a drastic change from the pre-modern concept of agrarianism to a world of industrialization, capitalism, urbanization, rationalization and general social change that was tremendously adopted by the entire world, though having its root origins in Europe in the times around 1700. Renaissance was the immediate time that preceded modernity; renaissance in this case referring to the last moments of the middle-aged era. This era was all about scientific and industrial revolution that saw the rise of many inventions that have come to define the modernity of modernization. The social change can be attributed to the enlightenment of human kind as Immanuel Kant stated in one of his famous books. Many definitions have been thus brought up in the field of sociology and by different philosophers. Karl Marx defines modernity as a capitalist revolution. Capitalism is a state of economic status that is based on individualism in that an individual invests in different ownerships or businesses for the sole purpose of personal benefits or for profit motive. He therefore sees modernity as an evil phenomenon and seriously criticizes it. On the other hand, Max Weber defines modernity on the basis of personal beliefs that eventually lead to the social changes that occur in modernization. He sees modernity as a trend that leads to the reduction in traditional values and beefs up rationalization that he so much fears would eventually corrode off humanity. He is so pessimistic on the effects of modernity given the mean definition that he gives to the phenomenon. The last of the philosophers to provide a definition in our essay will be Emile Durkheim. Durkheim at least had an optimistic definition of modernity, though not entirely optimistic. He defined modernity on the basis of labor division. He believed that modernity would bring in the world the concept of diversification of economic activities in the human society. He saw modernization as a shift of change in the way the community operated; the solidarity change from mechanical to organic. On the pessimistic side, he however dreads anomie, a state that describes minimal moral guidance provided to individuals in the society (Calhoun, Gerteis, and Moody 46). As defined in the introductory part, modernity carries along different social changes and cultural values that define a clear-cut difference from the same elements that were experienced in the pre-modern age. Modernity has greatly affected the basis of the family in the world today. The family as an institution, coupled with many other things like marriage, morality and religion have all been compromised. In the pre-modern age, the morality of the society stemmed from the family institution. Thus, the cautiousness that was always involved in the upbringing of a moral family was the number one priority by the family heads at that time (Macionis 4). Politics has undergone dynamic transformation due to the effect modernity. In the pre-modern days, politics was not as dominative as it is in the modern world. Modernity has caused governments to have a very dominative hand by heavily regulating its citizens by very intricate and uncongenial bureaucratic formation. The economy is another entity that has defined modernity. In the pre-modern era, economy was defined by agrarian productivity. This can even be demonstrated by the Feudalist system of government that existed in Europe. This system of a political system involved land being exchanged in turn for services. It was a system where the lords, who were the land owners, gave out land to vassals, who were the tenants. The land in this kind of political system was referred to as fief. However, the economy in the modern society has completely taken a twist, with capitalism being the system. Capitalism centered on the personal interests and profits motive of either an individual or a country. This means no rational prioritization will be taken if at all a country or an individual has the aim of making profit. This is a system that was widely condemned by philosophers such as Karl Marx (Calhoun, Gerteis, Moody, Pfaff, and Virk 122). The different philosophers who came up with the various definitions of modernity had varied expectations and predictions that would come along modernity. Karl Marx had a very pessimistic view of modernity. He highly criticized capitalism, an economy system that he claimed set in with modernity. He sees capitalism as a profit motivated system and therefore a selfish system. He also feared the rise of classes in the society, something that he describes as the baby of capitalism. He abhorrently condemns capitalism as greed and self interest and had very pessimistic expectations of the modern world. He foresees challenges such as extreme poverty while other countries swam in a lot of wealth, all with the advent of a capitalist economy. Max Weber, with his definition of modernity being based on human rationality, had his fears on the degradation of humanity. Weber was also pessimistic on the way modernity would transform the world. He foresaw the alienation of social justice that would set in as a result of the change in individuals beliefs brought about by modernity (Calhoun et al 122). Among these three philosophers, Emile Durkheim at least had an optimistic view of the setting in of modernity. With his definition of modernity being based on the division of labor, he saw modernity bringing in drastic growth of the economy. This would occur due to labor diversification and specialization that would equally distribute human resource to every economic activity. His expectations for the advent of modernity were therefore high. Despite him having these positive expectations, he had a fear of anomie. This is a state where there is slow degradation of morals in the society due to disregard of moral guidance by human who would have all their minds set towards the development of the economy. The subject of modernity has always raised a lot of arguments. Many philosophers have brought up theories trying to define modernity but no articular theory has been globally accepted to define modernity. With this essay though, we have had an overview of the various definitions of modernity by the three philosophers: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim and Max Weber. We have also seen their premonitions, feelings and expectations of modernity. Different aspects of modernity and the change of these aspects that affect modernity have been discussed and compared to with the pre-modern age. However, even with all these, it should still be clear that there still exists no precise definition of modernity and the term is open to any belief that any person could come up with. How to cite Sociology and Modernity, Essay examples

Capital Purchase Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"A capital outgo is a committedness of resources that is expected to supply benefits during a moderately long period. at least two or more years† ( Cleverly A ; Cameron. 2007. p. 397 ) . Sometimes it can be hard to find the difference between a capital outgo and a everyday disbursal. A capital outgo improves the value of the plus. whereas a everyday disbursal is used for care of that plus. For illustration. installing of a new bathroom in a lease is a capital outgo. because it increases the value of the lease. Repairing the range. nevertheless. is a everyday disbursal designed to maintain the lease in operating status. The chief end of a capital purchase is that the life-time of that merchandise will widen beyond the twelvemonth of purchase. After purchased the merchandise is called a capital plus. Capital assets are all touchable belongings which can non easy be converted into hard currency and which is normally held for a long period. including existent estate. equipment. etc. ( Finkler. Kovner. Jones. 2007 ) . Capital assets and money used to buy such points are treated otherwise than that of the operating budget. The operating budget is money being used and touchable at the clip. Capital assets may be money now. yet you may non gain from them until another period of clip. The key to a good capital purchase knows the life of the merchandise. This can assist you take whether a new merchandise should be purchased or a refurbished merchandise or if the merchandise should be leased. Capital assets are normally equipment used to replace old equipment or new equipment in which surveies have shown could better the concern. In health care the concern is choice patient attention. So in health care a capital purchase would be something in which improves quality patient attention. There are several points in which are purchased on a day-to-day footing in health care to heighten attention. A capital purchase is one of $ 2500 or more. and is non considered portion of the operating disbursals ( Finkler. Kovner. Jones. 2007 ) . Capital purchases should be planned and thought out exhaustively earlier considered. The budget should be reviewed for hard currency or equity in which the purchase could be made. The employees or stakeholders in the company must be interviewed for their point of position on the merchandise and research should b e done on the merchandises qualities before purchase. When sing any purchase in health care the ground for the purchase should focus on on patient attention. It should hold qualities in which would better patient attention. employee satisfaction. and or better fundss and money in which is to be collected. Therefore a capital purchase should ever be a necessity. Working in the exigency room of a little 95 bed installation. degree 3 injury centres. it is non common to acquire a patient in through EMS who needs cannulation. However in recent months and increase patient flow. an increased demand to be up to day of the month and accurate with accomplishments on cannulation is presented. More instances of respiratory apprehension are being seen. non merely in the exigency room. but throughout the infirmary. Respiratory apprehension is the surcease of take a breathing. It is a medical exigency and it normally is related to or coincides with a cardiac apprehension. Causes include opiate overdose. head hurt. anaesthesia. lockjaw. or submerging. Respiratory apprehension is treated ab initio with unreal airing ( cannulation ) . together with intervention of the likely cause. It requires specialised preparation and enfranchisement in advanced cardiac life support to be able to cannulate. Some installations allow nurses with ACLS developing to cannulate. At Northeast Arkansas Baptist nurses are non allowed to cannulate. Respiratory. anaesthesia or exigency room doctors are the individuals qualified to cannulate at NEA Baptist. NEA Baptist is besides considered a teaching infirmary. in which many new doctors start their patterns and do residence. Therefore. a Glidescope Cobalt Advanced Video Laryngoscope System with Mobile Cart was a purchased. It was exhaustively planned. presented and purchased through the exigency room directors. runing room directors. respiratory therapy directors and the installation disposal which is thought to be a really wise capital purchase. Glide Scope A glide range is a video laryngoscope or other likewise equipped/manufactured picture laryngoscope used for first line cannulation in most instances. It is a new picture laryngoscope. It has a digital camera incorporated in the blade which displays a position of the vocal cords on a proctor ( Rai. Dering. Verghess. 2005 ) . A figure of surveies have shown that the Glidescope and other picture airway devices. such as the Airway Scope ( Pentax. Tokyo. Japan ) and the Airtraq ( King Systems. Noblesville. IN ) . hold a higher successful cannulation rate than that of direct laryngoscope. The advanced picture laryngoscope chosen by NEA Baptist to purchase characteristics a new digital colour proctor and digital camera. supplying a systematically clear. DVD-quality position. enabling fleet cannulation. It gives two individual usage options designed for a broad scope of patient weights and sizes from little to morbidly corpulent. This is thought due to the patients seen in OR. ED or even ICU scenes. It is besides equipped with real-time recording and picture tutorials ; the digital colour proctor has high definition DVD quality declaration. with a reclaimable picture wand and anti-fogging mechanisms which help with clear image when trying cannulation. The Glidescope is used for first clip cannulations replacing the laryngoscope. normal or restricted oropharyngeal positions. injury air passages. rhinal tracheal cannulation. picture guided exchange in the ICU. and learning intents at some anaesthesia schools. NEA Baptist uses the Glidescope between the OR. ICU and ER. Goals and grounds for usage of the Glidescope The end of utilizing a Glidescope is to put an ETT through the vocal cords and into the windpipe about 1-2 centimeter beyond the vocal cords. Acquaintance with the unwritten. guttural. and laryngeal anatomy is of import to doctors utilizing the Glidescope as a agency to right and safely place an ETT. Every patient is different with different anatomical markers it is indispensable for the doctor to visualise and cognize the peculiar patients organic structure while trying to supply an unreal air passage. A complete air passage scrutiny will help the doctor in going acquainted with normal anatomic constructions and will besides assist to place anatomic fluctuations that may be predicted to show trouble during cannulation. The Glidescope has besides been proven to diminish unwritten airway hurt during cannulation. In a survey conducted in 2011. 20 anesthesiologists and 20 trainees attempted tracheal cannulation of a Laerdal SimMan mannikin. Forces and force per unit area distribution ap plied by both laryngoscope blades onto the soft upper air passage tissues were measured utilizing movie force per unit area transducers. The minimum force needed to accomplish a successful cannulation. in the same fake scenario. was measured. The terminal consequence was that when utilizing a glidescope there was less force used which will hold less possible for hurt to the oral cavity and soft roof of the mouth upon interpolation. This survey besides proved that utilizing a glidescope can decrease the clip and attempt put into cannulation if used right ( Carassiti. Zanzonico. Cecchini. Silvestri. Cataldo. Agro . 2011 ) . The Cobalt Advanced Video Laryngoscope System purchased was $ 19. 568. this included the Glidescope. onsite preparation. stylet guide 10 per battalion. IV pole saddle horse. video wand one for grownup and one for paediatricss. and a one twelvemonth guarantee. The determination was made by the installation direction to purchase the drawn-out guarantee for two old ages which increased the entire sum by $ 948. The ends of doing this purchase include quicker cannulation clip. less clip spent in the injury room. operating room. or the intensive attention unit on patients airway. and better patient results. Ju stification of Purchase The entire monetary value of the purchase of a Cobalt Advanced Video Laryngoscope would be $ 20. 516. This would include the merchandise. merchandise preparation and a 2 twelvemonth guarantee. There is no installing monetary value and the transportation of the merchandise would be $ 100. That which should besides be considered is the clip spent while developing employees on the new merchandise and the entire bargain in of the individuals which would be utilizing the merchandise. In this instance exigency room doctors. anaesthesia and respiratory therapy would be the employees to inquire and try to acquire purchase in. If the merchandise is non used it will non be of usage to the installation. When sing this purchase the money spent while developing these persons should be considered. With the merchandise traiing included in the purchase this would non be an excess disbursal except for the labour paid to develop the personel who would be utilizing the device. Nursing should be include d in this preparation. When sing the payback method with this purchase. the inquiry is how many old ages it would take to derive back the money spent on this merchandise. Given this attack one good cannulation versus a failed cannulation would be considered a addition in net income sufficiency to warrant the cost of the merchandise. Equally far as the life span of the glidescope under normal operating conditions. the proctor battery will last 2 – 3 old ages ; or about 500 charge/discharge rhythms. The existent comparing in this state of affairs is the lessening in clip spent cannulating a patient with a glidescope versus clip spent without a glidescope. In a survey conducted by Rodriguez-N. Oulego-Erroz. and Perez in 2010 the mean clip saved on cannulation was 14 % higher when a glidescope was introduced. Although the per centum is non highly higher. the clip saved averaged about 20-30 second more by utilizing the glidescope. Therefore. this is 20-30 seconds less the patient had to travel without proper oxygenation. and 20-30 seconds the doctor had to stay in the room taking him off from other patients. Harmonizing to this survey the overall cl ip spent trying to cannulate would be increased. doing increased productiveness for the doctor and employees involved in the cannulation. Goals of direction Productivity is concerned with how to do employees attempts be more productive. Entire end products divided by entire inputs is the most common computation known for this. A productiveness measuring would be helpful in finding the value of a glidescope. One achievement that has been pointed out with this purchase is decrease in cannulation clip and increase in clip spent with other patients or making other things to the patient who was intubated. This is a really good illustration of addition in productiveness. The cost of the doctor remains the same regardless of what he is making. yet his clip spent making one thing has decreased. This would salvage the infirmary money over clip. Labor costs remain the largest individual constituent of any hospital’s disbursal budget. One of the biggest direction ends besides heightening patient attention would be increased productiveness. Therefore. when proved glidescope lessening cannulation clip it is assumed productiveness would increase. Employee satisfaction would be another end of direction. Employee satisfaction can be obtained by including them in the determination devising and processs developed. Before a capital purchase is made it is good to research the merchandise. present it to a group of employees and stakeholders. and do a determination on if the purchase is validated and will assist in the long term end of quality patient attention. Efficiency is ever a end for direction. Efficiency means the merchandise will be used to its fullest potency and would be worth the money spent. Therefore. for direction the added plus of preparation by the company that comes with purchase would be a really high precedence when appraisal is made of this purchase. Besides there have been several surveies in which have proven this tool to be efficient in the exigency room. operating room. intensive attention unit and as a l earning tool in anesthesia school. Goals of the HospitalQuality patient attention is the end of every medical installation across the state. It is the responsibility and duty to supply the best possible attention to the patients in a timely mode with the patient being the first and first concern of every health care worker and environment. By making this it is expected to have the best result and increased cogency of the policies and processs used by the installation. Airway direction is one of the most of import facets of exigency medical specialty. The determination to cannulate is normally determined by the doctor or exigency respondent to an incident of respiratory hurt or failure. Failure to quickly react to a surcease of take a breathing can take to decease. It is indispensable to hold the tools required for cannulation and the accomplishments needed to make so. Most jobs related to hard tracheal cannulation are linked to being unable to see the voice box decently ( Rai. et. Al. 2007 ) . The Glidescope enables r apid sequence cannulation and helps decrease clip spent trying to make so. In a survey discussed by Rai et. Al. 43 patient were intubated right on the first clip out of 50 patients chosen for the survey. Quality patient attention was given in this case. in a timely mode to the 43 patients intubated on the first attempt utilizing the glidescope. Another of import facet of airway direction and grounds for this investing would be on a hazard direction degree. There have been several surveies of jurisprudence suits sing increased clip without oxygenation. increased clip from surcease of take a breathing to cannulation. and increased clip to cannulation. Increase in cannulation clip brings away the analysis and possibility of jurisprudence suits. which could be filed against doctors. EMS. infirmaries and nursing installations. because of failure to supply safe and fast cannulation. The cost of attorneies and analysis of processs would far out manner the disbursal of buying a tool to assist diminish cannulation clip. Emergency room delay times are a factor when it comes to patient satisfaction studies. With more rapid cannulation it would liberate the doctors clip up to look into on other patients and behavior concern as usual in the installation. Therefore. we have less left without being seen patients which in bend will bring forth more gross for the installation. The Glidescope would non merely be used in one unit. It could be used as mentioned before in the OR and ICU every bit good as the ER. Therefore. this big purchase would be an plus in several different countries of the infirmary. If shared by department’s money could be saved. The overall end of the installation would be that the capital purchase would salvage money and that the installation had adequate money to buy the capital purchase before investing is made. Healthcare leaders are focused on utilizing the best engineering. as wellness attention leading strives to assist their organisations remain competitory. expand. overhaul installations and incorporate the latest in engineering ; it is besides their concern to concentrate on the hazard taken by buying any equipment of disbursement any excess money other than that of the operating budget. With the current diminution in economic system the healthcare’s installations primary end would be that the capital disbursal did non outweigh the capital assets available. Therefo re. when showing a possible capital purchase a strategic program must be in topographic point with evidenced based pattern to turn out the purchase is a good investing. Economic Impact on Hospital Although this would be a capital disbursal. it is non an hideous disbursal and has been proven necessary to better quality patient attention. The disbursal is justified by evidenced based pattern in that the clip procuring an equal air passage is lessened significantly. This would in bend leave room for less malpractice on infirmaries and doctors. less patient mortality and morbidity and more clip spent on other of import facets of the patients attention. Therefore. salvaging the infirmary money. by forestalling farther hold in patient/physician contact. It would besides increase existent times within the exigency room and operating room. which will increase gross received by the installation. More patients could be seen and more money could be generated. Decision Quality patient attention at an low-cost monetary value in which infirmaries are still enabled to do a net income is the focal point of the health care industry today. When discoursing with most they would state this is impossible. yet good allegations of assets. and carefully planned undertakings and outgos can assist to convey Forth this end. A capital purchase of a Cobalt Advanced Video Laryngoscope would be offering an array of drawn-out utilizations and applications that can be associated to betterments in patient results. service and instruction. A Glidescope is supported by most evidenced based research and is promoted for its addition in safety and efficaciousness for patients and installations entirely. It presently has a prima place in the market and with uninterrupted surveies and inventions it is projected to merely better. Along with abilities to better patient satisfaction and safety by speedy and safer cannulation it can besides be used as a instruction device. and a ocular adjutant. With this being said it would be a cost salvaging device proven by surveies demoing decreased length of stay. decreased hazard of judicial proceeding and unneeded injury while cannulation occurs. It moreover. can increase patient satisfaction tonss. increase employee satisfaction and diminish the sum clip spent with one patient which in bend will increase productiveness. The Glidescope seems to be a great capital investing. It is a comparatively low cost merchandise. with a pronounced demand for usage. with a lifetime of at least 2-3 old ages. NEA Baptist puting in a glidescope would better cannulation times ; lesson clip spent trying cannulation and increase patient and employee satisfaction. purchase bettering patient attention. Mentions Carassiti M. M. . Zanzonico. R. . A ; Cecchini. S. ( 2011. September ) . Force and force per unit area distribution utilizing Macintosh and Glidescope laryngoscopes in normal and hard air passages: a mannikin survey. British Journal of Anesthesia. 108 ( 1 ) . 146-151. Department of the Interior: 10. 1093/bja/aer304 Glidescope Cobalt AVL. ( 2010. June ) . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //verathon. ca/products/glidescope/cobalt. avl Finkler. S. A. . Kovner. C. T. . A ; Jones. C. B. ( 2007 ) . Fiscal direction for nurse directors and executives. ( 3rd ed. ) St. Louis. Moment: Saunders Elsevier Rai. M. R. . Dering. A. and Verghese. C. ( 2005 ) . The Glidescope ® system: a clinical appraisal of public presentation. Anesthesia. 60: 60–64. Department of the Interior: 10. 1111/j. 1365-2044. 2004. 04013. ten Rodriguez. N. A. Oulego. E. I. . Perez. G. L. . Cortinas. D. J. ( 2010. Oct ) . Comparison of the Glidescope Video laryngoscope to the standard Macintosh for cannu lation by paediatric occupants in fake kid airway scenarios. Pediatric Emergency Care. 26 ( 10 ) . 726-729. Department of the Interior: 10. 1097/PEC. 0b013e3181f39b87.

M-CHAT IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ASD Essays - Psychology, Psychiatry

M-CHAT IN THE FIGHT AGAINST ASD Author's Name Institutional Affiliation Autism Spe ctrum Disorder (ASD) is a conditio n that is identified by anti-socialism or just abnormal socialisation, display of behaviours that are stereotypical, repetition in words and actions and general lagging behind of the brain among the children (Mayes, Black Tierney, 2013) . One cannot easily identify this defect in young infants for it can be easily mistaken for a mental delay in growth. However, in the later stages of development, if the mind tends to lag as previously noted and repetition of behaviours and even words spoken, there is the need for screening for identification for ASD in order for early treatment (Matson, Kozlowski, Fitzgerald Sipes, 2013) . It is among the neurodevelopmental disorders better termed as Persuasive Developmental Disorders (PDD). These diseases do not interfere with the physical state but rather the mental; examples of similar diseases are childhood disintegrative disorder, Asperger's disorders among muc h more that affect the child like the ASD. Its most definite signs begin to be noticed when a child clocks the age of about 2-3 years but in rare cases, it is possibly identified by 18 months. Parents who identify children with this disorder are strongly advised to report the matter to a medical practitioner as early as possible for early treatment can make it go away as soon as the treatment commences. Possible symptoms include pretending play (though this should be reinforced with other characteristics because not all children who pretend play suffer from autism, others undergo anxiety or loneliness.), proto-declarative pointing and monitoring of gaze for abnormally long periods. Pretend play begins to be noticed at the age of 12-15 months where the child is observed doing strange things like it is not alone. Protodeclarative pointing, however, is noticed at about 9-14 months of age and is one of the most crucial pointers towards autism taking form; this is why the most suitable age for autism screening is 18 months because all the symptoms can be evident for easy identification. The most recent creation of CHAT has greatly aided in the identification of this disease. This " Checklist for Autism in Toddlers " (CHAT) was created to be able to diagnose ASD based on the reports that parents would bring forward with the help of CHAT (Mayes, Calhoun et al., 2009) . It comprises of 14 questions involving the child that the parent should answer, these questions are divided into section A and B. Section A basically asks about the normal behaviours the children with autism display and it comprises of nine questions. The parents are asked how the child conducts itself in matters concerning tumble play, its functional play, if the child displays proto-declarative pointing and if signs of roughness have been noted. This first section will try to determine whether the boy is compliant with it or not (Ravi, Chandrasekaran, Ka ttimani Subramanian, 2016) . Section B with the remaining five questions is for the medical practitioner to answer basing the answers on his personal observation of the child. Autism can be identified by the way the child gazes at objects, how the child keeps itself busy (pretend play), how it socializes with those around or those who come to interact with it and eventually the practitioner will gauge his answers with that of the parent thereby coming to a conclusion based on the questionnaire. These questions take roughly 15 minutes and by the end, the diagnosis is arrived at, this makes it convenient for use even at schools and other places children come to interact. Some children may pass some questions but fail in others, this is normally carefully looked at and if the child has failed in some important areas like proto-declarative pointing or developmental delays noted, the screening is done once again to minimise chances of error (Mayeset al., 2013) . With the assistance of CHAT, a sample of about 16,000 children was compiled and scrutinised and from that 10 children were found to have autism that were slightly above 3 years but not more than 4 years of age. There are two levels of autism screening that aid in the diagnosis. Level

Mount Wilson Observatory

Mount Wilson Observatory High in the San Gabriel mountains, north of the busy Los Angeles basin, the telescopes at the Mount Wilson Observatory have been watching the skies for more than a century. Through its venerable instruments, astronomers have made discoveries that have changed humanitys understanding of the universe. Fast Facts: Mount Wilson Observatory Mount Wilson Observatory has four telescopes, three solar towers, and four interferometer arrays. The largest telescope is the 100-inch Hooker Telescope.One of the most important discoveries made at Mount Wilson in its early years was by Edwin P. Hubble. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is actually a separate galaxy.The CHARA Array on Mount Wilson was used in 2013 to detect starspots on the star Zeta Andromedae, and in 2007, it made the first measurement of the angular diameter of a planet around another star. Today, Mount Wilson remains one of the premier observatories in the world, despite the incursions of light pollution that threaten its clear views of the sky. It is run by the Mount Wilson Institute, which took over the administration of the observatory after Carnegie Institution for Science planned to shut it down in 1984. The site has been kept open and running again since the mid-1990s. Mount Wilson and Observatory ridge aerial photo. Doc Searls, CC BY 2.0   History of Mount Wilson Observatory Mount Wilson Observatory was built on the 1,740-meter tall Mount Wilson (named for the early settler Benjamin Wilson). It was founded by George Ellery Hale, a solar astronomer devoted to studying and understanding sunspots, and was also one of the key people involved in building telescopes in the early 20th century. He brought the 60-inch Hale reflecting telescope to Mount Wilson, followed by the 100-inch Hooker telescope. He also built a 200-inch telescope at nearby Palomar Mountain, south of Los Angeles. It was Hales work that eventually inspired Griffith J. Griffith to give money for the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. The observatory at Mount Wilson was originally built with funding by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In more recent times, it has received funding from universities. It also solicits support from the public in the form of donations for the continued operation of the facilities.   The 100-inch Hooker telescope, once the largest in the world. It is still in use today. Ken Spencer, CC BY-SA 3.0   Challenges and Telescopes Building world-class telescopes atop the mountain posed a number of challenges for the observatorys founders.  Access to the mountain was limited by the rough roads and even rougher terrain. Still, a consortium of people from Harvard, University of Southern California, and Carnegie Institutions began to work on building the observatory. Two telescopes, a 40-inch Alvan Clark instrument, and a 13-inch refractor were ordered for the new site. Harvard astronomers began using the observatory in the late 1880s. Encroaching tourists and the owners of the land made things difficult, and for a time the observatory site shut down. The planned 40-inch telescope was diverted for use at the Yerkes Observatory in Illinois.   Eventually, Hale and others decided to return to Mount Wilson to build new telescopes there. Hale wanted to do stellar spectroscopy as part of new advances in astronomy. After much back-and-forth and negotiations, Hale signed a contract to lease 40 acres at the top of Mount Wilson to build an observatory. In particular, he wanted to create a solar observatory there. It took several years, but eventually, four great telescopes, including the world’s largest solar and stellar instruments, would get built on the mountain. Using those facilities, astronomers such as Edwin Hubble made significant discoveries about stars and galaxies.   The Original Mount Wilson Telescopes The Mount Wilson telescopes were behemoths to build and transport up the mountain. Since few vehicles could make the drive, Hale had to rely on horse-drawn carriages to bring up the mirrors and equipment needed. The result of all the hard work was the building of the Snow Solar Telescope, which was the first one to be installed on the mountain. Joining it was the 60-foot solar tower, and then a 150-foot solar tower. For non-solar viewing, the observatory built the 60-inch Hale Telescope, and then finally the 100-inch Hooker Telescope. The Hooker held the record for many years as the worlds largest telescope until the 200-inch was built at Palomar.   The Hale telescope being transported up to the summit of Mount Wilson. Public domain.  Ã‚   Current Instruments Mount Wilson Observatory eventually gained several solar telescopes over the years. It has also added instruments such as the Infrared Spatial Interferometer. This array gives astronomers another way to study infrared radiation from celestial objects. In addition, there are two stellar interferometers, a 61-cm telescope, and the Caltech Infrared Telescope are also in use on the mountain. In 2004, Georgia State University built an optical interferometer called the CHARA Array (named for the Center for Angular Resolution Astronomy). Its one of the most powerful instruments of its kind.   The top of the solar tower on Mount Wilson.   Dave Foc, CC BY-SA 3.0.   Each piece of the Mount Wilson Observatory collection is equipped with state-of-the-art CCD cameras, detector arrays, and spectrometers and spectrographs. All these instruments help astronomers record the observations, create images, and dissect the light that streams from distant objects in the cosmos.  In addition, to help correct for atmospheric conditions, the 60-inch telescope has been outfitted with adaptive optics that allow it to get sharper images. Notable Observations at Mount Wilson Not long after the largest telescopes were built, astronomers began flocking to use them. In particular, astronomer Edwin P. Hubble used the Hooker to peer out at distant objects that were (at the time) called spiral nebulae.  It was at Mount Wilson that he made his famous observations of Cepheid variable stars in the Andromeda nebula, and concluded that this object was really a distant and distinct galaxy. That discovery in the Andromeda Galaxy shook the foundations of astronomy. Then, a few years later, Hubble and his assistant, Milton Humason, made further observations that proved the universe is expanding. These observations formed the basis of the modern study of cosmology: the origin and evolution of the universe. Its views of the expanding universe have informed cosmologys constant search for an understanding of such events as the Big Bang.   Edwin P. Hubble, the astronomer who used the Mount Wilson 100-inch telescope to observe distant galaxies. His work led to the discovery of the expanding universe. Public domain   Mount Wilson Observatory has also been used to look for evidence of such things as dark matter, by astronomer Fritz Zwicky, and further work on the different types of stellar populations by Walter Baade. The question of dark matter has been studied by other astronomers as well, including the late Vera Rubin. Some of astronomys most prominent names have used this facility over the years, including Margaret Harwood, Alan Sandage, and many others. Its still heavily used today and allows remote access to observers from around the world.   Dr. Vera Cooper Rubin in 1970, working on measuring galaxy rotation rates. Vera Rubin Mount Wilson in the Public Eye The administration of Mount Wilson Observatory is also dedicated to public outreach and education. To that end, the 60-inch telescope is used for educational observing. The grounds of the observatory are open to visitors, and there are weekend observing sessions and tours available as the weather permits. Hollywood has used Mount Wilson for a filming location, and the world has watched several times via Webcam as the observatory was threatened by wildfires. Sources â€Å"CHARA - Home.† Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy, www.chara.gsu.edu/.Collins, Marvin. â€Å"Benjamins Mountain.† Broadcast History, www.oldradio.com/archives/stations/LA/mtwilson1.htm.â€Å"Mount Wilson Observatory.† Atlas Obscura, Atlas Obscura, 15 Jan. 2014, www.atlasobscura.com/places/mount-wilson-observatory.â€Å"Mount Wilson Observatory.† Mount Wilson Observatory, www.mtwilson.edu/.

Ethics and corporate social responsibility Case Study

Ethics and corporate social responsibility - Case Study Example In this case, the company upholds a high level of responsibility to public and employees (Coca-Cola Company, 36). The other part focuses on offering the responsibility of employees to the company; in fact, this involves the scope of Code of Ethics that is applicable to managers and employees in the company and subsidiaries. There are orientation meetings that are held in every two years, where information regarding this Code of Ethics is offered to employees and they are expected to sign. Personal commitment of CEO to high standards of ethics Coca-Cola Company’s CEO has a high commitment to standards of ethics, whereby they are considered to be representatives of the company through their honesty, and consistency in every condition. In this case, CEO has a commitment of guiding employees in order to facilitate compliance to the Code of Ethics (Coca-Cola Company, 36). The CEO has the mandate of ensuring that managers in various departments, especially Human Resource department. Audits to ensure compliance with code Coca-Cola Company has an Internal Audit Department, which focuses on monitoring the operations and behaviors, which entail specified those that are stipulated in the Code of Ethics; thus, these audits are conducted regally in the organization annually (Coca-Cola Company, 36). Clear and logical consequences for failure to follow the code The Company has clear and logical implications of failing to comply with this Code of Ethics, whereby employees are subjected to penalties due to their misbehaviors. Moreover, there is detailed information concerning the process of punishment and it is entailed in the Code, and reviews of this Code of Ethics, which leads to necessity of making relevant alterations depending on stakeholders’ expectations. Environmental Stewardship Detailed assessment of the company’s environmental impact Coca-Cola Company has focus on being compliant with standards involves in operations that relate to supply chain, distribution channel and disposal of obsolete or broken products. In this case, this company is highly involved in recycling of bottles; in fact, this is a manifestation of their environmental stewardship (Coca-Cola Company, 50). On the other hand, obsolete products are disposed appropriately to avoid environmental pollution, besides most of these products are used to manufacture new products. Clear goals for improvement in each impact area The company has a goal of being complaint with provisions of legislation regarding the environment. In order to improve their impact area, the Company establishes procedures that facilitate employee compliance (Coca-Cola Company, 51). Therefore, the company established an obligation of their employees, whereby they are expected to comply with procedures and polices associated with environmental protection. Moreover, they are expected to give reports regarding any case of breaches to their managers and supervisors. Internal audits to ensure impro vements There are regular internal audits aimed at ensuring improvements through adaptation of objectives and principles. Therefore, continuous improvements involve activities that accomplish these objectives in regard to environment (Coca-Cola

Conflict Management - Intrapersonal, Intergroup and Interpersonal Research Paper

Conflict Management - Intrapersonal, Intergroup and Interpersonal Types of Conflicts - Research Paper Example Organizations undergo changes due to new technological, political and social developments that affect them or due to changes in the competitive force. As people may hold a different view about the change and the future direction of an organization, conflicts may arise (Mullins). Personality Clashes: Individuals' personalities differ widely due to differences in their levels of maturity, emotional stability and their behaviour. When they do not recognize or appreciate these differences, conflicts occur. Differences in the value set: Different people have different opinions, values and beliefs. When people with contradicting values and beliefs interact with each other, conflicts are likely to occur. These conflicts are often irrational and difficult to be resolved (Newstorm). Threats to status: Most individuals associate their identity with their status in society or organizations. When an individual feels that another person's acts may harm or damage his image, which in turn may affect his status, conflict is likely to arise. Differences in Perceptions: People perceive different things, issues and their environment differently. When they act as though their perception is the only reality, without attempting to understand or accept another person's view, conflicts arise (Newstorm). Conflicts are common in all organizations and occur when people fail to arrive at a consensus regarding the organizational goals or the means to achieve them (Falletta). Organizational conflicts can be classified as follows: According to most behavioural theories, people are motivated to achieve a goal either when meeting the goal results in the satisfaction of a need, or when the incentives for achieving the goal are attractive. However, this is not as simple as it seems.

Critical Reasoning and Information Analysis Essay

Critical Reasoning and Information Analysis - Essay Example The more we learn about neuroscience, the more we understand that information literacy is a fundamental aspect of the human brain (Kandel & Squire 2000), and that humans are simply more naturally adapted to understanding certain things (like personal experience) than others (like numerical data). This sheds light on why we understand the world in the way we do. Like neuroscience, information technology is a growing field that is having a growing impact on the world. Firstly, it, for the first time, gives humans a different kind of intelligence to compare ours to: we can understand ourselves by seeing how different or similar computers are when serving different functions (Schellhammer 2008). Furthermore, information technologies like the internet are giving humans a broader understanding of our identity as going past small scale, tribal allegiances, because they allow for much more communication over large ranges. This communication is incredibly important, because social understandings play an important role in critical thinking. There are many cases where one’s social or cultural atmosphere have drastic impacts on the way they understand the world. Firstly, we pay a great deal more attention to those things that happen in proximity to us: which includes both personal actions, and friends. That means that problems that are common in one’s social group, for instance, will appear disproportionately larger than a more important problem that happens to people that are unrelated to you. This bias can cloud critical thinking, and must be avoided. The problem is, however, that other ways of understanding the world (such as universal laws of logic) do not function much better. This is because we are hard-wired to pay less attention to logic than emotions, as emotions played a more important role in our evolutionary history. So while universal logic might seem important at understanding things in a globalized society, it can often be ignored.

Strain Gauge Laboratory Exercise

Strain Gauge Laboratory Exercise An investigation into the effects of electronic circuits on the accuracy of weight measurement and how these results relate to material properties Instrumentation systems are necessary in industry to provide accurate and reliable measurements of various quantities, as well as monitoring and controlling processes. In this experiment, strain gauge sensors were attached to a cantilever beam upon which a varying load was applied and the output voltage recorded in order to estimate the mass of an unknown object. This was done for four separate electrical circuits, involving potential dividers and Wheatstone bridges, to compare their respective accuracies in measuring the unknown mass. The obtained results were also used to calculate an estimate for the Youngs Modulus of the steel beam, which was found to be 46.6 GPa. This differed greatly from the expected value of 200 GPa due to the irregular thickness of the beam, which affected the calculated results for the stress and highlighted the need to reduce sources of error before and during experiments. An instrumentation system is a collection of instruments used to measure, monitor and control a process. (1) These systems are regularly used for a variety of measurements in industries including communications, defence and engineering systems. The instrumentation systems involved in these measurement processes usually comprise of a sensor and appropriate electronic circuitry to manipulate and process the signal. Utilisation of these systems in industry is rapidly increasing as they continue to increase productivity and quality through the reduction of human error in the measurements made. The strain gauge is one of the most important sensors regarding the measurement of mechanical quantities. A strain gauge is a sensor whose resistance varies with applied force. (2) The variation in length produced by the force causes a change in electrical resistivity across the gauge which can be measured and used to calculate values of stress and strain. This report investigates the effects of different electronic circuits on the accuracy of weight measurement using strain gauge sensors on a cantilever beam and a comparison between experimental and theoretical results for Youngs Modulus. The different circuits considered are: a potential divider circuit a Wheatstone bridge circuit in quarter bridge configuration a Wheatstone bridge circuit in half bridge configuration a Wheatstone bridge and amplifier circuit A cantilever beam is a beam anchored only at one end, as shown in figure 1 below. As stated in the introduction, the application of a force on the beam alters its length which subsequently changes the strain gauge resistance. This change in resistance is given by:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (equation 1) where R is the resistance of the gauge, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R is the change in resistance, is the gauge factor (which is 2 throughout this experiment) and ÃŽ µ is the strain. In the potential divider set up illustrated below in figure 2, the 1.5kÃŽ © resistor is in series with the strain gauge and, as the resistance across the strain gauge varies with the load applied, the voltage across the strain gauge will also change. This voltage can be measured and used to calculate the strain on the beam. Deformation to the strain gauge through the applied force generates a very small change in resistance, causing only a very small change in voltage for the masses added. For this reason, it is more accurate to measure the change in voltage instead of the overall output voltage. This can be achieved through the use of a circuit known as a Wheatstone bridge. A Wheatstone bridge contains two simple series-parallel arrangements of resistances connected between a voltage supply terminal and ground producing zero voltage difference between the two parallel branches when balanced. (3) The arrangement of this is shown in figure 3 below: For this investigation, the bridge is arranged in two different configurations, quarter bridge and half bridge, changing the number of arms made active. The bridge is originally balanced so the resistances in the lower and upper arms of each adjacent sides are equal, giving a 0V output. Therefore, a change in resistance of one of the active arms as the beam deforms gives rise to a voltage output à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  V which can be measured through equation 2:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (equation 2) where V is the bridge excitation voltage, R is the gauge resistance, à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬  R is the change in resistance and K = for a quarter bridge set up and for a half bridge set up. Equation 1 and equation 2 can then be combined to produce an equation for calculating the induced stress in the material:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (equation 3) When a load W is applied to the beam, the stress at the strain gauge at distance L is given by the equation:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (equation 4) where ÏÆ' is the surface stress, W is the applied force, L is the distance between the load and the strain gauge sensors, b is the width of the beam and t is the thickness of the beam (see figure 4). Youngs modulus can then be calculated through Hookes Law:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (equation 5) 4.1 Apparatus The experiment was conducted using the apparatus illustrated in figure 5, as well as utilising measuring equipment described below: Cantilever beam set up as shown in figure 5, with a pair of 120kÃŽ © strain gauges attached at a distance from the free end, one above the beam and one below. Cantilever beam casing containing 2 switches to alternate between the potential divider and Wheatstone bridge circuits and then, for the latter, between quarter bridge and half bridge configuration. Masses, 100g each, to vary the load applied to the free end. Circuit board with potential divider, Wheatstone bridge and amplifier circuits set up containing potentiometers and pins to allow voltage to be measured across components. Digital Multimeter to record the output voltages of the circuit, measuring with an uncertainty of  ±0.5mV for the potential divider and  ±0.05mV for the Wheatstone bridges. Vernier caliper to measure the width and thickness of the beam, as well as the distance from the strain gauges to the load, measuring with an uncertainty of  ±0.005cm. Digital scales to calculate the actual mass of the unknown object, measuring with an accuracy of  ±0.05g. 4.2 Procedure The first electric circuit to be tested was the potential divider and therefore the switch on the cantilever beam casing was set to the corresponding place. With no load applied, the voltage across the strain gauge,, was measured. The minimum weight, 100g, was then loaded onto the beam and both the total weight and voltage across the strain gauge, , were recorded. The weight was then increased in 100g increments up to a maximum of 500g with the total weight and recorded after each mass was added. Finally, the load was removed and replaced with an unknown weight for which the voltage reading was recorded. The first switch was then changed to select the Wheatstone bridge circuit, and the second switch to choose the quarter bridge configuration. With no load applied to the beam, the excitation voltage, V, for the bridge was then measured and recorded.   This circuit contained a potentiometer which was then altered to change the resistance and ensure the initial output read 0V on the multimeter. The same procedure as for the potential divider was then carried out and the results recorded for the same differentials. The second switch was then changed to select the half bridge configuration and an identical procedure to the quarter bridge was carried out. The second switch was then changed back to the quarter bridge configuration while the circuit was changed to include a differential amplifier to increase the output voltage. The circuit is shown in figure 5 below: The same method was then followed as used for the previous Wheatstone bridge without the amplifier; however, this time, the amplified voltage was measured and recorded as opposed to the actual output voltage . Finally, after all the necessary measurements using the equipment were recorded, the unknown weight and dimensions for the beam needed to be measured in order for the results outlined in the theory section to be calculated. The digital scale was used to give a value for the unknown weight while the vernier calipers were used to measure the width, b, and thickness, t, of the beam, as well as the distance between the load and the strain gauge, L. The mass, W, added and the voltmeter measurement, V, were recorded for each circuit and collected in four tables which can be found in Appendix A. The mass values were converted from g to N and graphs of the strain gauge voltage against applied load were drawn for the four circuits. The measured voltage for the unknown mass is also included alongside the appropriate tables. 5.1 Potential Divider The unknown mass gave a reading of 1.130V. 5.2 Wheatstone Bridge The unknown mass gave a reading of 0.4mV for the quarter bridge and 0.8mV for the half bridge. 5.3 Wheatstone Bridge with Differential Amplifier The amplifier circuit increased the values recorded in figure 7 by a factor of 50. The unknown mass gave a reading of 24.2mV. 5.4 Stress against strain for the beam Using the measured values from above and inputting them into equation 4 and equation 5 respectively, a graph of stress against strain can then be plotted. Referring to equation 3, the gradient of this graph then corresponds to Youngs Modulus, which is calculated to be 46.6 GPa. 5.5 Calibration Values Weight resolution is defined as the smallest increment of weight which the numeric display, in this case the voltmeter, can indicate. (4) Each circuit used during this investigation had a different weight resolution, which was calculated by measuring the initial voltage change from no load to 100g load and comparing this to the resolution of the measuring equipment: for the potential divider, this was  ±1mV, and for the other circuits this was  ±0.1mV. For example, when the voltage in the potential divider circuit increased by 1mV, the weight increased by either 100g or 200g the potential divider does not have an absolute weight resolution as multiple load values produced the same voltage reading and therefore the weight resolution is given through a range rather than a definite value. The weight resolutions increased as expected, with the potential divider providing the least accurate measurements and the quarter bridge with differential amplifier providing the most accurate measurements. These weight measurements can be used to estimate the weight of unknown mass by multiplying the recorded voltage for the unknown mass by the weight resolution calculated. This is shown in Table 1 below: Electrical Circuit Weight Resolution Estimate for unknown mass value Potential Divider 100g-200g 113g-226g Quarter Bridge 50.0g 200g Half Bridge 25.7g 205.6g Quarter Bridge with amplifier 0.994g 241.9 g The unknown mass was measured to be 236.4g using the digital scales. As can be seen from figure 1 and figure 2 from the theory section, both the potential divider and Wheatstone bridge circuits are fitted with additional resistors, 1.5kÃŽ © and 680ÃŽ © respectively. Known as current limiting resistors, these are necessary to stop the current rising above a certain value in these circuits it is necessary to limit the current to less than 10mA, calculated by dividing the source voltage of 15V by the circuit resistance of 1.5kÃŽ © (resistor) + 240ÃŽ © (strain gauges) in the potential divider circuit, giving a current of 8.6mA. This reduces any measurement errors which could arise from an increase of the strain gauges temperature through the Joule effect, where the energy of an electric current is converted into heat as it passes through a resistive material. (5) As the circuits change from potential divider through to quarter bridge with differential amplifier, the accuracy of the measured voltages increases. This can be demonstrated through the graphs in figures 7, 8 and 9 where it can be seen that the plotted values lie progressively closer to the line of best fit with the graph for the amplifier circuit, shown in figure 9, demonstrating the least deviation from the line. Although this progression agrees with the theory, the actual values obtained differ slightly from the values expected; this is shown through the estimated values of the unknown mass recorded in Table 1. This difference could be the result of a number of factors: uncertainties in the values for the 100g masses used; the fact we are assuming a point load even though the masses provide a distribution of the weight and interference. The use of an AC current produces a small magnetic field which can cause an electromotive force in any wires that are not shielded properly. This small voltage change could be picked up by the voltmeter and slightly alter the measurements. The unknown mass was measured to be 236.4g by the digital scale. The most accurate estimate calculated by an electrical circuit was 241.9g by the Wheatstone quarter bridge with differential amplifier. The possible reasons for discrepancies between values can include the limitation of the amplifier gain due to electrical noise and temperature changes in the wire. The latter can be a problem as an increase in temperature corresponds to an increase in resistance which can affect measured values. However, this error is reduced in the half bridge configuration as, with a strain gauge sensor on both the top and bottom of the bar, the effect of temperature change cancels itself out. Finally, the Youngs Modulus value obtained through this experiment is significantly outside the expected range of 190-210 GPa, at 46.6 GPa. This can mainly be attributed to irregularities in the dimensions of the steel beam used the section of the beam where the gauges were installed was slightly smaller than the rest of the beam to allow for the necessary preparation. Referring back to equation 4 in the introduction section, the inclusion of a term shows that the thickness of the beam has the greatest effect on the calculated stress, and therefore this discrepancy in values has a significant effect on the value of Youngs Modulus calculated. To achieve a value for Youngs Modulus of 200 GPa, a thickness of 0.47cm would be required. To conclude, the experiment outlined in this report was useful in demonstrating the varying levels of accuracy of measurements which can be achieved through different forms of electrical circuits, validating the expectation that weight resolution, and therefore accuracy, would increase as the circuits progressed from a potential divider to a Wheatstone quarter bridge with differential amplifier, with the latter providing the most reliable output voltage results and the highest weight resolution. However, the result obtained for the Youngs Modulus of steel, of 46.6 GPa, through the measurements recorded in this experiment, highlights how many of the variables associated with electrical circuits have large uncertainties which can lead to extreme unreliability in the data measured and consequently the final results. The findings of this experiment are statistically insignificant due to the nature of the apparatus used compared to that used in industry. However, it does effectively illustrate the importance of reducing the effect of possible sources of error before an experiment is performed, as well as taking the time to precisely measure all of the necessary results throughout, as a slight inaccuracy in one measurement can significantly affect the final values. Mass (g) Weight (N) Voltage across Strain Gauge (V) 0 0 1.128 100 0.981 1.129 200 1.962 1.129 300 2.943 1.130 400 3.924 1.130 500 4.905 1.131 Unknown 1.130 Potential Divider Wheatstone Quarter Bridge Mass (g) Weight (N) Output Voltage (mV) 100 0.981 0.2 200 1.962 0.4 300 2.943 0.6 400 3.924 0.8 500 4.905 1 Unknown 0.4 Wheatstone Half Bridge Mass (g) Weight (N) Output Voltage (mV) 100 0.981 0.3 200 1.962 0.7 300 2.943 1.1 400 3.924 1.5 500 4.905 2.0 Unknown 0.8 Wheatstone Quarter Bridge with Amplifier Mass (g) Weight (N) Amplified Voltage (mV) 100 0.981 9.8 200 1.962 19.9 300 2.943 30.1 400 3.924 40.2 500 4.905 50.3 Unknown 24.2 [1] H. Eren and C. C. Fung, Electrical Engineering Vol.II Instrumentation Systems, Perth. [2] Omega, What is a strain gauge?, [Online]. Available: http://www.omega.co.uk/prodinfo/straingauges.html. [Accessed 17 April 2016]. [3] Electronics Tutorials Staff, Wheatstone Bridge, [Online]. Available: http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/blog/wheatstone-bridge.html. [Accessed 17 April 2016]. [4] Precision Weighing Balances, Scale and Balance Definitions in Simple Terms, [Online]. Available: http://www.scalenet.com/applications/glossary.html. [Accessed 17 April 2016]. [5] Comsol, The Joule Heating Effect, [Online]. Available: https://www.comsol.com/multiphysics/the-joule-heating-effect. [Accessed 17 April 2016]. [6] D. R. Ngwompo, Measurements Using Strain Gauge Lab Sheet, Bath, 2016.

The Birthmark :: essays research papers

Response Paper #2: 'The Birthmark'; 1. Our society tends to be obsessed with the idea of physical perfection. How does our society manifest that obsession? How is the 'Birthmark'; an early version of our modern obsession with physical perfection? Our society has many ways of manifesting its obsession with physical perfection. In our society people go to extreme lengths to achieve perfection. The 'Birthmark';, written more than a century ago, is an early version of our modern obsession with physical perfection. Society manifests its obsession with physical perfection by having surgical procedures done on daily basis. These surgeries allow for almost any cosmetic transformation. For example a person can have anything from removing a birthmark to inserting breast implants to having a tummy tuck done on their body. Society manifests their obsession with physical perfection by having these procedures done to them. These procedures enable society to achieve 'perfection';, much like Georgiana in the 'Birthmark';. In the 'Birthmark';, a story that is more than a century old Georgiana and her husband Alymar are searching for physical perfection, much like we do today. In addition they manifested their obsession with physical perfection much like we do today. Georgiana was born with a crimson birthmark in the shape of a hand. This birthmark was on her cheek. One day Georgiana discovers that this birthmark 'shocks'; her husband and he is deeply bothered by it. Georgiana finally realizes this after Alymar says 'Georgiana . . . has it ever occurred to you that the mark upon your cheek might be removed?'; After discussing the birthmark several times with her husband, a talented scientist, Georgiana decides to have it removed by him. It is never stated in full detail exactly how Alymar is going to remove this birthmark, we assume that it will be a surgical procedure. At one point in the story Georgina says to her husband 'If there be the remote possibility of it .